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john4525 · Wysłany: Wto 7:48, 08 Mar 2011 Temat postu: it was clear that there were two m

esthood acting
as an intermediary. The Shariah was thus an attempt to re-
build society on criteria that were entirely different from
those of the court. It aimed to build a counter-culture and a
62 . Karen Armstrong
protest movement that wouldbefore longbring it into con-
flict with the caliphate.
By the end of the reign of Harun al-Rashidit was clear
that the caliphate had passed its peak. No single government
could control such vast territory indefinitelybefore the ad-
vent of modern communications and modern means of coer-
cion. Some of the peripheral provincessuch as Spain (where
an escaping Umayyad had set up a rival dynasty in 756)
were
beginning to break away. The economy was in decline. Harun
al-Rashid had tried to solve the problem by dividing the em-
pire bet [link widoczny dla zalogowanych][link widoczny dla zalogowanych]n his two sonsbut this only resulted in a civil war
(809-1 3) bet[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]n the brothers after his death. It was a mark of
the secular spirit of the court at this date that unlike the fitnah
wars of the pastthere was no ideological or religious motiva-
tion in this strugglewhich was simply a clash of personal am-
bition. When al-Mamun emerged as the victor and began his
reign (813-33)it was clear that there were two myilai:
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