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Glyphosate-resistant weeds present and future prospects

02) that selectively causes the resistance, not developed resistance. It has been reported 2 (104 years in Missouri, ragweed produces Roundup Ready soybean resistant to Tanaka, a South African orchard (vineyard) wine grass populations in glyphosate twice the normal dose (1.08ksai/hm2) only 17% control efficiency. Spanish wine grasses a type of resistance increased by 10 times. In 2003, South Africa, an orchard of resistant populations of leaves in front of the vehicle control effect 2.88kg/hm2 doses only 18%, which is the control of these weeds twice the recommended dose. The mechanism of weed resistance to herbicides is to reduce the absorption of, or reducing the absorption site from the target sites to the conduction of rapid detoxification and herbicides or herbicide Targeting change. So far, it appears that only two resistance mechanisms, Switzerland resistant ryegrass and small white type conduction down the grass and goosegrass target punctuation changes are the main mode of glyphosate resistance. * 8 World Agriculture Volume 3 of about 28. future prospects in the United States, farmers quickly accepted the Roundup Ready crops, in 2004, soybean, cotton and corn acreage and 85%, 60% and 18% were Roundup Ready varieties ( Duke, 2005). At the same time,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the rapid increase in the use of glyphosate, other herbicides used significantly reduced. For example, the corn fields of glyphosate (active ingredient) of the amount of the 107t from 1995 to 2002, 1500t; cotton application rate in 1995 to 320t in 2001 to 3863t; soybean 2867t in 1995 to 2002,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 27206t (data from the [link widoczny dla zalogowanych]). With the 2000 patent expiration on glyphosate, glyphosate formulations more affordable,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which makes the plant more Roundup Ready crops, farmers reduce the cost of weeding increased efficiency. year after year due to extensive application of glyphosate and planting of but not with non-glyphosate Roundup Ready crops, crop rotation, resulting in the development of resistant weeds will become more serious. the emergence of glyphosate-resistant biotypes have indicates that this is a worldwide problem. glyphosate-resistant hybrid tobacco control policy over the past decade, continue to increase planting of Roundup Ready crops has greatly increased selection pressure on weed populations. The farmers should not rely solely on Roundup Ready crops to control weeds, can not ignore the other means of Control in . different mechanisms of herbicides are commonly used in resistance management program recommended method. However, farmers are planting Roundup Ready crops, glyphosate alone is more expensive but often ignored the above advice. raise farmers understand the weeds sense of resistance, early weed monitoring, observing the succession of weed species and populations, and ongoing record of delay or prevent the weeds will be the key resistances. must be taken to cultivation (crop rotation, winter crop rotation , cover crops), institutions (pre-plant cultivation, cultivators) and chemical (herbicide dose, mix, sequence, spraying time, the rotation of different application of the mechanism of herbicide) weed control and other means. glyphosate-resistant crop varieties of the same Glyphosate-resistant cultivars and non-crop rotation can delay the development of glyphosate resistant weeds. Therefore, growers according to weed species, farm size and economic conditions and careful application of glyphosate and other herbicides to control resistant grass Gan phosphine key measures of weeds. 5. Conclusion of transgenic crops resistant to glyphosate for weed control to promote the new challenges presented. As a means of weed control - Roundup Ready crops, more effective and economical for farmers to Control in weeds. U.S. farmers planted Roundup Ready crops, causing a large number of the application of glyphosate increased rapidly, while other significant reduction in herbicide application. This affects the weed community. in Roundup Ready crops, weeds the evolution of glyphosate resistant weed species and the succession of natural resistance to the weed control strategy needs to change. In the herbicide-resistant crops, weed control measures should not only correspond to the herbicides applied only to the exclusion of other miscellaneous tobacco control measures, comprehensive control measures should be taken. Roundup Ready crops are more resistant weed problem is the reality, farmers must recognize that continued application of glyphosate instead of other measures will lead to more resistance to glyphosate phosphine weed development. even in the short term, no one can predict the succession of weed species and the development of glyphosate-resistant weeds caused the loss of glyphosate efficacy of what the future is. It will depend on the farmers whether the mitigation measures will be adopted, and the different weed resistance development or to maintain in the agro-ecosystems are without resistance. (translated OutlooksonPestManagement.August2005,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 183 ~ 187)
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